1966 艾伦·佩利

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A. J. Perlis

PHOTOGRAPHS
BIRTH:
April 1 1922, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US

DEATH:
February 7 1990, New Haven, Connecticut, US

EDUCATION:
Taylor Allderdice High School (1933-1939), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; B.S. (1942, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Chemistry); M.Sc. (1949, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Mathematics), PhD (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1950, Mathematics). Honorary degrees: Davis and Elkins College, Purdue University, Waterloo University, and Sacred Heart University.

EXPERIENCE:
MIT (1945-1950); Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground (1951); MIT (1952); Purdue University (1952-1956); Carnegie Institute of Technology (1956-1971); first editor of the Communications of the ACM (1958-1962); California Institute of Technology (1977-1978); Yale University (1971-1990).

HONORS AND AWARDS:
President of the ACM (1962-1964); A. M. Turing Award of the ACM (1966); Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1974); Member, National Academy of Engineering (1977); AFIPS Education Award (1984); Computer Pioneer Award (1986); Member, National Research Council (1979-1989), where he served on the Assembly (1979-1981), the Computational Mechanics Committee of the Assembly of Engineering (1981-1985), the Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems (1982-1989), the Commission of Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources (1988-1989).

ALAN J PERLIS DL Author Profile link
United States – 1966
CITATION
For his influence in the area of advanced programming techniques and compiler construction.

SHORT ANNOTATED
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACM TURING AWARD
LECTURE
RESEARCH
SUBJECTS
Alan J Perlis was born on April 1, 1922 into a Jewish family in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He attended primary schools in his hometown, starting with the Colfax Public School in his Squirrel Hill neighborhood. In 1933 Perlis enrolled in the public but prestigious Taylor Allderdice High School. Six years later he entered Carnegie Institute of Technology and graduated with honors in Chemistry on December 20 1942.

Two days after graduation, Perlis started his war-time experience: on the morning of December 22 he signed up for the Aviation Cadet Meteorology Program of the US Army Air Force. After nine months of training he became a 2nd lieutenant in the meteorology services. He was assigned to the Army Air Force Intelligence School in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, a training center for photo interpretation and combat intelligence. Perlis was later sent to the operational headquarters of the 9th US Army Air Force in the United Kingdom, where he served for eighteen months as intelligence officer and weather officer with a reconnaissance squadron.

In September 1945, he returned to civilian life and enrolled in the California Institute of Technology for graduate study in chemistry. He quickly realized that this was not his passion and switched to the study of mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. At MIT Perlis carried out research on numerical analysis methods, under the supervision of Philip Franklin, which led to the completion of a master thesis in 1949 (The solution of linear integral equations by iterative methods) and a PhD dissertation in 1950 (On integral equations, their solution by iteration and analytic continuation).

More relevant for Perlis’ future career was Philip Franklin’s involvement with Project Whirlwind, MIT’s digital computer project. By 1946 Project Whirlwind had evolved to become the blueprint for the construction of an ambitious digital computer capable of providing rapid solutions to all types of simulations and control problems, such as tracking the motion of aircraft. Franklin was head of the Mathematics Group, which was responsible for the preparation of software programs for the planned machine.

Project Whirlwind was the introduction to modern computing for many young MIT graduates. Graduate students with military experience, like Perlis, were invited to collaborate on the project on part-time basis. During the summers of 1948 and 1949 Perlis assisted Franklin’s team with coding basic programs for the still-unfinished computer, and in surveying known numerical methods, looking for those that would be a good fit with the characteristics of the Whirlwind when it became operational.

After receiving his PhD in mathematics, Perlis spent 1951 in the Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL) at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, where he worked on the computation of ballistics tables. Like Project Whirlwind, Aberdeen Proving Ground was a cradle of new research on computer design, programming, and numerical methods. It was one of the first multi-machine computing installations, housing three different computers: ENIAC (transferred to BRL in 1947), EDVAC (transferred in 1949), and ORDVAC (transferred in the spring of 1951).

In January 1952 Perlis came back to the finished and operational Project Whirlwind, now renamed the MIT Digital Computer Laboratory. This time Perlis was assigned to Robert Wieser’s team in charge of Project Cape Cod, a prototype system to automate the detection of enemy aircraft. Operational in 1953, the Cape Cod system established the basis for the first full-scale automatic air defense system, SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment).

Perlis did not stay long at MIT. In September he joined the Statistical Laboratory at Purdue University, which was expanding its activities under the leadership of Carl F. Kossac. In 1952 Purdue's Statistical Lab was about to receive an IBM card-programmed electronic calculator (CPC), an assembly of basic accounting equipment sophisticated enough to require the services of someone skilled in modern computing technology. On the recommendation of Alex Orden (one of Perlis’s colleague at MIT), Kossac recruited Perlis both as an assistant professor in the Mathematics Department and as the director of the computational division of the Statistical Laboratory.

At Purdue Alan Perlis began the research that would lead him to eminence. Shortly after his arrival, Perlis persuaded Kossac and the university administrators to purchase the best medium size computer available at that time, the Datatron 205. In early 1955, Perlis’ team began the design of a “mathematical language compiler” for it, later named the IT language (for Internal Translator).

IT was a “compiler”—a set of programs that automatically translate programs written in a notation similar to that of mathematics into machine code. In this respect IT was not very different from IBM’s Fortran language, which was also under development at that time. IT was interesting in that its logical structure was sufficiently independent of the Datatron 205 to allow for implementations on other computers with only few modifications. This relatively machine-independent character of IT was developed earlier than most higher level languages.

In 1956 Perlis left Purdue to accept a position as associate professor of mathematics and director of the computation centre at the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University). There he completed the first version of IT on an IBM 650 computer. Soon IT became adopted by many university computing installations as an alternative to Fortran, which, at first, was only available for much larger and more expensive computers. In this way, IT contributed much to stimulate research on programming techniques. Perlis’ IT seemed to hint at a way towards a universal language or at least towards a small set of mutually translatable languages. Perlis himself was to play an important role in this process.

In the spring of 1957 representatives of the user groups SHARE (IBM), USE (UNIVAC) and DUO (Datatron) requested that ACM evaluate the prospects of a “universal programming language”—a language capable of transcending the characteristics of particular machines and allowing the creation of machine-independent programs for many kinds of applications.

This led to contacts between the ACM and a German-Swiss group of programming specialists led by Heinz Rutishauser and Friederich L. Bauer. In May 1958, under the leadership of Perlis, a small group of ACM representatives met in Zurich with the German-Swiss group. This meeting resulted in the definition of the International Algorithmic Language (IAL) and its publication as report [4] in the Communications of the ACM, of which Perlis had become the first editor-in-chief. In the next year, IAL was renamed ALGOL (for Algorithmic Language) and was widely discussed in forums like Communications of the ACM, which resulted in a new definition of the language in early 1960 called ALGOL-60.

Arguably one of the most influential programming languages in history, ALGOL-60 had a very complex and controversial history in its early years. Nevertheless, ALGOL-60 brought about a qualitative leap forward in the understanding and acceptance of programming as a legitimate object of study, not just a practical necessity for getting a computer to work. In this regard, Perlis played an important role in turning ALGOL into a model for programming research, for example by working with his colleagues at Carnegie on several extensions of the language, and by publicly arguing [2] for the centrality of programming languages and algorithms as a defining concept of computer science.

Equally important during those years was Perlis’ leadership in helping to mold the nascent field of Computer Science into an academic discipline. Particularly relevant was the establishment of the ACM Curriculum Committee on Computer Science during Perlis’ term as President of the ACM (1962-1964). The work of this committee led to the publication of the first recommendation for a Computer Science undergraduate program. In addition, at Carnegie-Mellon, Perlis was able to secure contracts from the Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), which proved to be a great help in launching their Department of Computer Science in 1965.

In 1971 Perlis moved to Yale University as the Eugene Higgins Professor of Computer Science in their new Computer Science Department. Except a brief interlude in the 1977-1978 academic year, when he was appointed Gordon and Betty Moore Professor of Computer Science at the California Institute of Technology, Perlis remained at Yale until his death on February 7, 1990.

Author: David Nofre





照片
出生地：美国宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡
1922年4月1日，美国宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡。

逝世
1990年2月7日，康涅狄格州纽黑文，美国

学历
Taylor Allderdice高中（1933-1939），宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡；学士（1942年，卡内基理工学院，化学）；硕士（1949年，麻省理工学院，数学），博士（麻省理工学院，1950，数学）。荣誉学位。戴维斯和埃尔金学院、普渡大学、滑铁卢大学和圣心大学。

工作经历。
麻省理工学院（1945-1950）；阿伯丁试验场弹道研究实验室（1951）；麻省理工学院（1952）；普渡大学（1952-1956）；卡内基理工学院（1956-1971）；《ACM通讯》第一编辑（1958-1962）；加州理工学院（1977-1978）；耶鲁大学（1971-1990）。

荣誉和奖项。
ACM主席（1962-1964）；ACM的A. Turing Award of the ACM (1966); Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1974); Member, National Academy of Engineering (1977); AFIPS Education Award (1984); Computer Pioneer Award (1986); Member, National Research Council (1979-1989), where he served on the Assembly (1979-1981), the Computational Mechanics Committee of the Assembly of Engineering (1981-1985), the Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems (1982-1989) and the Commission of Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources (1988-1989) 。

ALAN J PERLIS DL作者简介链接
美国 - 1966年
嘉奖
因为他在高级编程技术和编译器构造领域的影响。

简短注释
书目
亚马逊图灵奖
讲座
研究
题目
Alan J Perlis于1922年4月1日出生在宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡的一个犹太家庭。他在家乡的小学就读，从松鼠山社区的科尔法克斯公立学校开始。1933年，佩利斯进入公立但著名的泰勒-阿尔德戴斯中学学习。六年后，他进入卡内基技术学院，并于1942年12月20日以优异的成绩毕业于化学专业。

毕业两天后，佩利斯开始了他的战时经历：12月22日上午，他报名参加了美国陆军航空队的航空学员气象学项目。经过九个月的训练，他成为气象部门的一名少尉。他被分配到宾夕法尼亚州哈里斯堡的陆军空军情报学校，这是一个照片解读和战斗情报的训练中心。后来，帕里斯被派往位于英国的美国陆军第9航空队作战总部，在那里他作为情报官和气象官在一个侦察中队服务了18个月。

1945年9月，他回到平民生活，进入加利福尼亚理工学院学习化学研究生课程。他很快意识到这并不是他的兴趣所在，于是转而在麻省理工学院学习数学。在麻省理工学院，佩利斯在菲利普-富兰克林的指导下进行了数值分析方法的研究，并在1949年完成了硕士论文（用迭代方法解决线性积分方程），在1950年完成了博士论文（论积分方程，用迭代和解析延续解决）。

与佩利斯未来的事业更相关的是菲利普-富兰克林对 "旋风计划 "的参与，这是麻省理工学院的数字计算机项目。到1946年，"旋风计划 "已经发展成为一个雄心勃勃的数字计算机的建设蓝图，能够为所有类型的模拟和控制问题提供快速解决方案，例如跟踪飞机的运动。富兰克林是数学组的负责人，该组负责为计划中的机器准备软件程序。

旋风项目是许多年轻的麻省理工学院毕业生对现代计算的介绍。有军事经验的研究生，如佩利斯，被邀请在项目中兼职合作。在1948年和1949年的夏天，佩利斯协助富兰克林的团队为仍未完成的计算机编码基本程序，并调查已知的数字方法，寻找那些在旋风号投入使用后能很好地适应它的特点的方法。

在获得数学博士学位后，Perlis于1951年在马里兰州阿伯丁试验场的弹道研究实验室（BRL）工作，他在那里从事弹道表的计算。与 "旋风计划 "一样，阿伯丁试验场是计算机设计、编程和数值方法新研究的摇篮。它是最早的多机计算装置之一，拥有三种不同的计算机。ENIAC（1947年转移到BRL）、EDVAC（1949年转移）和ORDVAC（1951年春天转移）。

1952年1月，Perlis回到了已经完成并投入使用的 "旋风计划"，现在已经更名为麻省理工学院的数字计算机实验室。这次佩利斯被分配到罗伯特-维泽的团队，负责 "鳕鱼角 "项目，这是一个自动探测敌机的原型系统。1953年投入使用，科德角系统为第一个全面的自动防空系统SAGE（半自动地面环境）奠定了基础。

帕里斯没有在麻省理工学院呆很久。9月，他加入了普渡大学的统计实验室，该实验室在卡尔-F-科萨克的领导下正在扩大其活动。1952年，普渡大学的统计实验室即将收到一台IBM卡编程电子计算器（CPC），这是一个基本的会计设备组件，其复杂程度足以需要精通现代计算技术的人的服务。在Alex Orden（Perlis在麻省理工学院的同事之一）的推荐下，Kossac聘请Perlis担任数学系的助理教授和统计实验室的计算部门主任。

在普渡大学，艾伦-佩利斯开始了他的研究工作，这将使他获得卓越的成就。到任后不久，Perlis说服Kossac和大学管理人员购买了当时最好的中型计算机，即Datatron 205。1955年初，佩利斯的团队开始为它设计一个 "数学语言编译器"，后来被命名为IT语言（代表内部翻译器）。

IT是一个 "编译器"--一套程序，可以自动将以类似于数学符号编写的程序翻译成机器代码。在这方面，IT与IBM的Fortran语言没有很大的区别，后者当时也在开发中。IT的有趣之处在于它的逻辑结构充分独立于Datatron 205，只需做少量修改就可以在其他计算机上实现。IT的这种相对独立于机器的特性比大多数高级语言开发得早。

1956年，Perlis离开普渡大学，接受了卡内基技术研究所（现为卡内基梅隆大学）的数学副教授和计算中心主任的职位。在那里，他在一台IBM 650计算机上完成了IT的第一个版本。很快，IT就被许多大学的计算设备所采用，作为Fortran的替代品，而Fortran起初只适用于更大、更昂贵的计算机。这样一来，IT对刺激编程技术的研究做出了很大贡献。Perlis的IT似乎暗示了通向通用语言的道路，或者至少是通向一小套可相互翻译的语言。佩利斯本人在这一过程中发挥了重要作用。

在1957年春天，用户组SHARE(IBM)、USE(UNIVAC)和DUO(Datatron)的代表要求ACM评估一种 "通用编程语言 "的前景--一种能够超越特定机器的特性并允许为许多种类的应用创造机器独立的程序的语言。

这导致了ACM和一个由Heinz Rutishauser和Friederich L. Bauer领导的德国-瑞士的编程专家小组之间的联系。1958年5月，在Perlis的领导下，ACM的一小组代表在苏黎世与德国-瑞士小组会面。这次会议产生了国际算法语言（IAL）的定义，并以报告[4]的形式发表在《ACM通讯》上，珀利斯成为该杂志的第一任主编。第二年，IAL被重新命名为ALGOL（代表算法语言），并在《ACM通讯》等论坛上被广泛讨论，从而在1960年初形成了新的语言定义，称为ALGOL-60。

可以说，ALGOL-60是历史上最有影响力的编程语言之一，在其早期有一段非常复杂和有争议的历史。尽管如此，ALGOL-60在理解和接受编程方面带来了质的飞跃，使其成为一个合法的研究对象，而不仅仅是让计算机工作的实际需要。在这方面，Perlis在将ALGOL变成编程研究的典范方面发挥了重要作用，例如，他与卡内基的同事们一起对该语言进行了几次扩展，并公开论证了[2]编程语言和算法作为计算机科学的一个定义概念的核心地位。

在那些年里，同样重要的是Perlis在帮助将新生的计算机科学领域塑造成一门学术学科方面的领导作用。特别重要的是，在珀利斯担任ACM主席期间（1962-1964年），ACM计算机科学课程委员会的成立。该委员会的工作导致了第一份关于计算机科学本科课程的建议的发表。此外，在卡内基-梅隆大学，佩利斯能够从国防部高级研究计划局（ARPA）获得合同，这证明对他们在1965年启动计算机科学系有很大帮助。

1971年，佩利斯搬到耶鲁大学，在他们新的计算机科学系担任尤金-希金斯教授。除了在1977-1978学年有一段短暂的插曲，当时他被任命为加州理工学院的戈登和贝蒂-摩尔计算机科学教授，佩利斯一直在耶鲁大学工作，直到1990年2月7日去世。

作者。大卫-诺夫雷