1988 伊凡·苏泽兰

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Ivan Sutherland

PHOTOGRAPHS
BIRTH:
16 May 1938, Hastings, Nebraska, United States

EDUCATION:
Scarsdale High School, Scarsdale, New York, United States (1955); B.S. (electrical engineering) Carnegie Institute of Technology, 1959; M.S. (electrical engineering) California Institute of Technology,1960; Ph.D. (electrical engineering) Massachusetts Institute of Technology,1963, Honorary M.A. Harvard University, (1966)

EXPERIENCE:
Research Laboratory of Electronics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, (1960 – 1962); Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory (1960 – 1962); U.S. Army (1963,University of Michigan, then the National Security Agency); Head, Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) (1964); Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering, Harvard University (1965 – 1968); Professor of Computer Science, University of Utah, (1968 – 1974); co-founder of Evans & Sutherland Computer Corporation (1968); the RAND Corporation (1974); Fletcher Jones Professor of Computer Science and Head, Department of Computer Science, California Institute of Technology (1974 – 1978); co-founder, Vice President, and Technical Director; Sutherland, Sproull and Associates (1980); Fellow and Vice President, Sun Microsystems (1990); Visiting Scholar, Computer Science Division, the University of California, Berkeley (2005 – 2008); Visiting Scientist and Head, Asynchronous Research Center, Portland State University (from 2008).

HONORS AND AWARDS:
George Westinghouse Scholar (1955-1959); American Institute of Electrical Engineers Student Prize Paper Contest for District 2 Winner (1958, 1959); National Science Foundation Fellowship (1959 – 1962); National Academy of Engineering First Zworykin Award (1972); Member, National Academy of Engineering (1973); Member, National Academy of Sciences (1978); IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award (1986); Computerworld Honors Program, Leadership Award (1987); ACM Turing Award (1988); ACM Software System Award (1993); Electronic Frontier Foundation EFF Pioneer Award (1994); Association for Computing Machinery Fellow (1994); Price Waterhouse Information Technology Leadership Award for Lifetime Achievement (1996); Computerworld Smithsonian Award (1996); the Franklin Institute's Certificate of Merit (1996); IEEE John von Neumann Medal (1998); R&D 100 Award (team) (2004); Computer History Museum Fellow (2005); Kyoto Prize (2012).


IVAN SUTHERLAND DL Author Profile link
United States – 1988
CITATION
For his pioneering and visionary contributions to computer graphics, starting with Sketchpad, and continuing after.

SHORT ANNOTATED
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACM TURING AWARD
LECTURE
RESEARCH
SUBJECTS
ADDITIONAL
MATERIALS
Ivan Edward Sutherland was born May 16, 1938 in Hastings, Nebraska, United States. His ancestry is from Scotland and New Zealand, despite his claim that he was named for his mother’s fictitious Russian lover. His father was a practicing engineer with a Ph.D. in civil engineering. His mother was a teacher who engendered in him and his brother Bert a love of learning.

In 8th grade he built a gantry crane with surplus motors brought home by his father. His favorite subject in high school was geometry. Sutherland describes himself as a visual thinker (“If I can picture possible solutions, I have a much better chance of finding the right one”), which led to his interest in computer graphics.

His first computer processing experience was with a computer called SIMON, a relay-based computer with six words of two-bit memory, which was lent to the Sutherland household in 1950 by its designer, Edmund Berkeley, one of the founders of the ACM. Its 12 bits of memory permitted SIMON to add up to 15. Sutherland's first significant program allowed SIMON to divide. To make division possible, he used a table look-up and added a conditional stop to SIMON's instruction set. His brother Bert participated by making the modifications to the hardware. This program was a significant accomplishment—it was the longest program ever written for SIMON, requiring eight feet of paper tape.

Sutherland was one of only a few young students writing computer programs during that era. For a 12th grade science fair project, he made a magnetic drum memory with 128 2-bit words. At age 19, he published “An Electro-Mechanical Model of Simple Animals” [6] in Computers and Automation. At age 21 he published “Stability in Steering Control” [7] in Electrical Engineering.

After graduating from Scarsdale High School (20 miles north of New York City) in 1955, Sutherland attended Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) on a full scholarship, which made it affordable for him. He received a Bachelor of Science Degree from Carnegie in 1959, a Master of Science Degree from the California Institute of Technology in 1960 (which, he claims, he selected to get as far as possible from his new mother-in-law), and a Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Electrical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1963. His doctoral thesis supervisor was Claude E. Shannon, who is often referred to as the “father of information theory. Sutherland also received an Honorary Master of Arts Degree from Harvard University in 1966.

His doctoral thesis, Sketchpad: A Man-machine Graphical Communications System, described the first computer graphical user interface (GUI). Sketchpad was developed on a unique computer, the TX-2, built by Wesley Clark. In early 1960s computers ran "batches" of jobs, but were not interactive. The TX-2 was an "on-line" computer used to investigate surface barrier transistors for digital circuits. It had a variety of input and output devices, including a nine inch CRT with a 512 x 512 array of directly-addressed pixels and no hardware character generator. For software it had virtually nothing—no operating system, just a macro assembler. But it had a light pen, first used on the SAGE air defense project for identifying computer-drawn objects. Sutherland used it to do something new: allow the user to draw directly on the computer display. The light pen provided coordinates for drawing commands entered using the keyboard. Previously drawn primitive objects could be recalled, rotated, scaled and moved. Finished drawings could be stored on magnetic tape and edited at a later time. Sketchpad introduced important innovations including hierarchical memory structures to organize objects and the ability to zoom in and out.

Sketchpad was a groundbreaking interactive computer-aided design system. Its innovations included hierarchical drawings, constraint-satisfaction methods, and an interactive GUI. When asked, “How could you possibly have done the first interactive graphics program, the first non-procedural programming language, the first object oriented software system, all in one year?” Sutherland replied, “Well, I didn't know it was hard1.” Sketchpad's graceful interaction and functionality continue to inspire admiration among computer graphics professionals.

After graduating from MIT in 1963, Sutherland accepted a U.S. Army commission to fulfill his obligation for military service. He was assigned first to the University of Michigan, and then to the National Security Agency as an electrical engineer, mainly because he knew about computers. In 1964, at age 26, First Lieutenant Sutherland replaced J. C. R. Licklider (who returned to private industry) as the head of the U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Project Agency's (DARPA) Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO). DARPA was started in response to Sputnik to develop technology for putting a U. S satellite in space. As head of this office Sutherland was given $15 million a year to sponsor computer research, particularly in the areas of timesharing and artificial intelligence.

From 1965 to 1968, Sutherland was an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering at Harvard University. Work with student Danny Cohen in 1967 led to the development of the Cohen–Sutherland computer graphics line clipping algorithm for removing parts of lines that extend beyond the viewing region. In 1968, with the help of student Bob Sproull, he created the first virtual reality and augmented reality head-mounted display system, referred to affectionately as the Sword of Damocles because it was suspended from the ceiling above the user’s head.

From 1968 to 1974 Sutherland was a Professor of Computer Science at the University of Utah. Among his noted students there were Jim Clark (who designed a virtual reality system and went on to found Silicon Graphics, Netscape, and WebMD), and Henri Gouraud (who devised the Gouraud smooth-shading technique to make a surface approximated by polygons look smooth). He served as a PhD committee member for other famous Utah graduates Alan Kay (inventor of the Smalltalk language and 2003 Turing Award recipient) and Edwin Catmull (co-founder of Pixar and later President of Walt Disney and Pixar Animation Studios).

In 1968 Sutherland co-founded Evans & Sutherland with his friend and colleague David C. Evans, whom he had met at the University of California Berkeley. Evans’ understanding of real-time computing held the key to implementing practical computer graphics. The company, of which Sutherland was Vice President and Chief Scientist, was located in Salt Lake City, Utah. Evans & Sutherland pioneered work in the field of real-time hardware, accelerated 3D computer graphics, and printer languages. Former employees of Evans & Sutherland included the future founders of Adobe (John Warnock) and Myricom (Chuck Seitz).

Starting in the mid-1970s, Sutherland was affiliated with the RAND Corporation, and investigated making animated movies—an undertaking well ahead of its time.

From 1974 to 1978 he was the Fletcher Jones Professor of Computer Science at California Institute of Technology, where he was the founding head of that school's Computer Science Department. One area of emphasis was teaching engineers how to design integrated circuits. In 1980 he founded a consulting firm, Sutherland, Sproull and Associates, and served as its Vice President and Technical Director. It was purchased by Sun Microsystems in 1990 to form the seed of its research division, Sun Labs. Sutherland became a Fellow and Vice President at Sun Microsystems.

Sutherland was a visiting scholar in the Computer Science Division at University of California, Berkeley from 2005 to 2008.

Other prominent work includes the characterization and categorization of hidden surface algorithms at the University of Utah (1974), and the Trojan Cockroach, a six-legged walking machine built at Carnegie Mellon University (1983).

During his career Sutherland has obtained more than 60 patents.

In 2006 Ivan Sutherland married Marly Roncken, with whom he established the Asynchronous Research Center at Portland State University to develop self-timed asynchronous computers without the central clocks that must otherwise accommodate the slowest components.

Sutherland has two children, Juliet and Dean, and four grandchildren, Belle, Robert, William and Rose. Ivan's elder brother, Bert Sutherland, is also a prominent computer scientist.

Notable quotes attributed to Sutherland include:

“It’s not an idea until you write it down.”
"I just need to figure out how things work."
"It's very satisfying to take a problem we thought difficult and find a simple solution. The best solutions are always simple."
"A display connected to a digital computer gives us a chance to gain familiarity with concepts not realizable in the physical world. It is a looking glass into a mathematical wonderland.”
"The ultimate display would, of course, be a room within which the computer can control the existence of matter. A chair displayed in such a room would be good enough to sit in. Handcuffs displayed in such a room would be confining, and a bullet displayed in such a room would be fatal.”
"When denied my minimum daily adult dose of technology, I get grouchy… without the fun (e.g. the Trojan Cockroach – featured on the cover of Scientific American in January, 1983), none of us would go on.”
“Never underestimate the power of the professorial windbag;”
"Knowledge is a rare thing -- you gain by giving it away.”
Words of wisdom include:

“Interesting colleagues are essential.”
“Cherish and develop young minds.”
“What’s worth working on is what you are deeply qualified to do.”
“If it isn’t fun, you’re doing the wrong technology.”
Author: Robert Burton

1Quoted by Alan Kay in 1987, in a University Video Communications video,
http://www.archive.org/details/AlanKeyD1987.



伊万-萨瑟兰

照片
出生地：美国
1938年5月16日，美国内布拉斯加州黑斯廷斯。


美国纽约斯卡斯代尔高中（1955年）；卡内基理工学院学士（电气工程），1959年；加州理工学院硕士（电气工程），1960年；麻省理工学院博士（电气工程），1963年，哈佛大学荣誉硕士，（1966年）。

工作经验。
麻省理工学院电子学研究实验室（1960-1962）；麻省理工学院林肯实验室（1960-1962）；美国陆军（1963，密歇根大学，然后是国家安全局）；美国国防部高级研究计划局信息处理技术办公室主任（IPTO）。国防部高级研究计划局（DARPA）负责人（1964年）；哈佛大学电子工程副教授（1965-1968年）；犹他大学计算机科学教授（1968-1974年）；埃文斯和萨瑟兰计算机公司的共同创始人（1968年）；兰德公司（1974年）；加州理工学院计算机科学弗莱彻-琼斯教授和计算机科学系主任（1974-1978年）。Sutherland, Sproull and Associates公司的共同创始人、副总裁和技术总监（1980年）；Sun Microsystems公司的研究员和副总裁（1990年）；加州大学伯克利分校计算机科学部的访问学者（2005-2008年）；波特兰州立大学异步研究中心的访问科学家和负责人（从2008年开始）。

荣誉和奖项。
乔治-威斯汀豪斯学者（1955-1959）；美国电气工程师协会学生有奖论文竞赛第二区冠军（1958，1959）；国家科学基金会奖学金（1959 - 1962）；国家工程院首届兹沃里金奖（1972）；国家工程院院士（1973）；国家科学院院士（1978）；IEEE伊曼纽尔R。Piore奖（1986年）；计算机世界荣誉计划，领导奖（1987年）；ACM图灵奖（1988年）；ACM软件系统奖（1993年）；电子前沿基金会EFF先锋奖（1994年）；计算机械协会研究员（1994年）。普华永道信息技术领袖终身成就奖（1996年）；计算机世界史密森奖（1996年）；富兰克林研究所荣誉证书（1996年）；IEEE约翰-冯-诺伊曼奖章（1998年）；研发100奖（团队）（2004年）；计算机历史博物馆研究员（2005年）；京都奖（2012年）。


IVAN SUTHERLAND DL作者简介链接
美国 - 1988年
褒奖
因其对计算机图形学的开创性和远见性贡献，从Sketchpad开始，一直到后来。

简短注释
书目
亚马逊图灵奖
讲座
研究
主题
额外的
材料
伊万-爱德华-萨瑟兰于1938年5月16日出生在美国内布拉斯加州的黑斯廷斯。他的祖先来自苏格兰和新西兰，尽管他声称他是以他母亲虚构的俄罗斯情人的名字命名的。他的父亲是一位拥有土木工程博士学位的执业工程师。他的母亲是一名教师，在他和他的兄弟伯特身上培养了对学习的热爱。

八年级时，他用父亲带回来的多余的马达建造了一台龙门吊。他在高中时最喜欢的科目是几何学。萨瑟兰形容自己是一个视觉思考者（"如果我能想象出可能的解决方案，我就有更好的机会找到正确的解决方案"），这导致了他对计算机图形的兴趣。

他的第一次计算机处理经验是使用一台名为SIMON的计算机，这是一台基于继电器的计算机，有6个字的2位内存，1950年由其设计者、ACM的创始人之一埃德蒙-伯克利借给萨瑟兰家。它的12位内存使SIMON可以加到15位。萨瑟兰的第一个重要程序允许SIMON进行除法运算。为了使除法成为可能，他使用了一个表格查询，并在SIMON的指令集中增加了一个条件停止。他的弟弟伯特也参与其中，对硬件进行了修改。这个程序是一个重要的成就，它是为SIMON编写的最长的程序，需要8英尺的纸带。

萨瑟兰是那个时代仅有的几个编写计算机程序的年轻学生之一。在12年级的科学展项目中，他制作了一个有128个2位字的磁鼓存储器。19岁时，他在《计算机与自动化》上发表了《简单动物的机电模型》[6]。21岁时，他在《电子工程》上发表了《转向控制的稳定性》[7]。

1955年从斯卡斯代尔高中（纽约市以北20英里）毕业后，萨瑟兰以全额奖学金进入卡内基技术学院（现在的卡内基梅隆大学）学习，这使他能够负担得起。他于1959年从卡内基获得理学士学位，1960年从加州理工学院获得理科硕士学位（他声称，他选择加州理工学院是为了尽可能地远离他的新婆婆），并于1963年从麻省理工学院获得电子工程哲学博士学位。他的博士论文导师是克劳德-E-香农，他经常被称为 "信息理论之父"。萨瑟兰还在1966年获得了哈佛大学的荣誉文学硕士学位。

他的博士论文《Sketchpad》。一个人机图形通信系统，描述了第一个计算机图形用户接口（GUI）。Sketchpad是在Wesley Clark制造的独特的计算机TX-2上开发的。在1960年代早期，计算机运行 "成批 "的工作，但没有互动。TX-2是一台 "在线 "计算机，用于研究数字电路的表面屏障晶体管。它有各种输入和输出设备，包括一个9英寸的CRT，有512 x 512的直接寻址像素阵列，没有硬件字符发生器。在软件方面，它几乎一无所有--没有操作系统，只有一个宏汇编程序。但它有一支光笔，首次用于SAGE防空项目，用于识别计算机绘制的物体。萨瑟兰用它来做一些新的事情：允许用户直接在计算机显示器上绘画。光笔为使用键盘输入的绘图命令提供坐标。以前绘制的原始物体可以被调用、旋转、缩放和移动。完成的绘图可以存储在磁带上，以后再进行编辑。Sketchpad引入了重要的创新，包括组织对象的分层记忆结构和放大和缩小的能力。

Sketchpad是一个开创性的交互式计算机辅助设计系统。它的创新包括分层绘图、约束满足方法和交互式图形用户界面。当被问及："你怎么可能在一年内完成第一个交互式图形程序、第一个非程序化编程语言、第一个面向对象的软件系统？" 萨瑟兰回答说："嗯，我不知道这很难1"。Sketchpad优雅的互动和功能继续激发了计算机图形专业人士的钦佩之情。

1963年从麻省理工学院毕业后，萨瑟兰接受了美国陆军的委托，履行他的服兵役义务。他首先被分配到密歇根大学，然后被分配到国家安全局担任电气工程师，主要是因为他对计算机有所了解。1964年，26岁的萨瑟兰中尉取代J.C.R.利克莱德（他回到了私营企业）成为美国国防部高级研究计划局（DARPA）信息处理技术办公室（IPTO）的负责人。DARPA是为了应对人造卫星而成立的，目的是开发将美国卫星送入太空的技术。作为该办公室的负责人，萨瑟兰每年获得1500万美元的资金来赞助计算机研究，特别是在分时租赁和人工智能领域。

从1965年到1968年，萨瑟兰是哈佛大学电子工程系的副教授。1967年与学生丹尼-科恩合作，开发了科恩-萨瑟兰计算机图形线条剪裁算法，用于去除线条中超出观察区域的部分。1968年，在学生鲍勃-斯普劳尔的帮助下，他创造了第一个虚拟现实和增强现实头戴式显示系统，被亲切地称为达摩克利斯之剑，因为它被悬挂在用户头部的天花板上。

从1968年到1974年，萨瑟兰是犹他大学的计算机科学教授。在他著名的学生中，有吉姆-克拉克（他设计了一个虚拟现实系统，后来创建了Silicon Graphics、Netscape和WebMD），以及亨利-古劳德（他设计了古劳德平滑着色技术，使多边形近似的表面看起来很光滑）。他曾担任犹他州其他著名毕业生艾伦-凯（Smalltalk语言的发明者和2003年图灵奖获得者）和埃德温-卡特穆尔（皮克斯的共同创始人，后来担任沃尔特-迪斯尼和皮克斯动画工作室的总裁）的博士委员会成员。

1968年，萨瑟兰与他的朋友和同事大卫-C-埃文斯共同创立了埃文斯和萨瑟兰公司，他是在加州大学伯克利分校认识的。埃文斯对实时计算的理解是实现实用计算机图形的关键。萨瑟兰是该公司的副总裁兼首席科学家，公司位于犹他州盐湖城。埃文斯和萨瑟兰公司在实时硬件、加速的三维计算机图形和打印机语言领域进行了开创性的工作。埃文斯和萨瑟兰的前雇员包括未来的Adobe（约翰-沃诺克）和Myricom（查克-塞茨）的创始人。

从20世纪70年代中期开始，萨瑟兰隶属于兰德公司，研究制作动画电影--这是一项远远领先于时代的事业。

从1974年到1978年，他是加州理工学院的弗莱彻-琼斯计算机科学教授，他是该校计算机科学系的创始负责人。他的一个重点领域是教工程师如何设计集成电路。1980年，他创办了一家咨询公司，即萨瑟兰、斯普劳尔和协会，并担任其副总裁兼技术总监。该公司于1990年被Sun Microsystems收购，成为其研究部门Sun Labs的种子。萨瑟兰成为Sun Microsystems的研究员和副总裁。

2005年至2008年，萨瑟兰在加州大学伯克利分校的计算机科学部担任访问学者。

其他突出的工作包括在犹他大学的隐藏表面算法的特征和分类（1974年），以及在卡内基梅隆大学建造的六条腿的行走机器木马蟑螂（1983年）。

在他的职业生涯中，萨瑟兰获得了60多项专利。

2006年，伊万-萨瑟兰与马利-朗肯结婚，他与马利-朗肯在波特兰州立大学建立了异步研究中心，开发没有中央时钟的自定时异步计算机，否则必须容纳最慢的组件。

萨瑟兰有两个孩子，朱丽叶和迪安，以及四个孙子，贝勒、罗伯特、威廉和罗斯。伊万的哥哥伯特-萨瑟兰也是一位杰出的计算机科学家。

归功于萨瑟兰的著名语录包括。

"在你把它写下来之前，它不是一个想法"。
"我只需要弄清楚事情是如何运作的。"
"把一个我们认为困难的问题，找到一个简单的解决方案，这是非常令人满意的。最好的解决方案总是简单的。"
"连接到数字计算机的显示器使我们有机会熟悉在物理世界中无法实现的概念。它是进入数学仙境的一个望远镜。"
"当然，最终的展示将是一个房间，在这个房间里，计算机可以控制物质的存在。在这样的房间里展示的椅子将足以坐上去。在这样的房间里展示的手铐将是禁锢的，在这样的房间里展示的子弹将是致命的。"
"当我被剥夺了每天最低限度的成人技术剂量时，我就会变得很烦躁......如果没有乐趣（例如特洛伊蟑螂--1983年1月《科学美国人》杂志的封面人物），我们都不会继续下去。"
"永远不要低估教授的风趣的力量；"
"知识是一种稀有的东西--你通过赠送它而获得。"
智慧的话语包括。

"有趣的同事是必不可少的"。
"珍惜和发展年轻的头脑"。
"值得努力的事情是你有资格做的事情。"
"如果没有乐趣，你就做错了技术。"
作者。罗伯特-伯顿

1由Alan Kay于1987年在大学视频通讯的视频中引用。
http://www.archive.org/details/AlanKeyD1987。