1967 莫里斯·威尔克斯

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Maurice V. Wilkes

PHOTOGRAPHS
BIRTH:
26 June 1913, Dudley, England

DEATH:
29 November 2010, Cambridge, England

EDUCATION:
King Edward VI Grammar School, Stourbridge, England; BA (1934 - mathematics), MA (1936), PhD (1937 - physics) St Johns College, Cambridge University, England; Honorary Degrees: Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Hull, Kent, City of London, Bath, Amsterdam, Munich, Linköping, Cambridge University, University of Pennsylvania

EXPERIENCE:
Head of Computer Laboratory, Cambridge University, 1945-1980; Professor of Computer Technology, 1965-80; Fellow, St John's College, Cambridge, 1950 – 2010.

HONORS AND AWARDS:
Fellow, Royal Society, 1956; First President, British Computer Society, 1957-60, Distinguished Fellow, 1973; Foreign Honorary Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1974; Fellow, Royal Academy of Engineering, London, 1976; Foreign Associate, US National Academy of Engineering. 1977; Foreign Corresponding Menber, Royal Spanish Academy of Sciences, 1979; Foreign Associate, US National Academy of Sciences, 1980; Foreign Corresponding Member, Spanish Academy of Engineering, 1999; Honorary Freeman, The Worshipful Company of Scientific Instrument Makers, 2000; Turing Lecturer, Association for Computing Machinery, 1967; Harry Goode Memorial Award, American Federation for Information Processing Societies, 1968; Eckert-Mauchly Award, Association for Computing Machinery and IEEE Computer Society, 1980; IEEE Computer Society Pioneer Award (Charter Recipient), 1980; McDowell Award, IEEE Computer Society, 1981; Faraday Medal, IEE, London, 1981; Pender Award, University of Pennsylvania, 1982; C&C Prize, Tokyo 1988; ITALGAS Prize for Computer Science, Turin, 1991; Kyoto Prize, Japan, 1992; Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery, 1994; Von Neumann Medal, IEEE, 1997; Mountbatten Medal(with T. Kilburn), National Electronics Council, London, 1997; Knighted, 2000; Fellow, Computer History Museum, 2001.

MAURICE V. WILKES DL Author Profile link
United Kingdom – 1967
CITATION
Professor Wilkes is best known as the builder and designer of the EDSAC, the first computer with an internally stored program. Built in 1949, the EDSAC used a mercury delay line memory. He is also known as the author, with Wheeler and Gill, of a volume on "Preparation of Programs for Electronic Digital Computers" in 1951, in which program libraries were effectively introduced.

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Maurice Vincent Wilkes was born 26 June1913 in Dudley, in the county of Staffordshire in the English Midlands. His father was a financial officer for the estate of the Earl of Dudley which had extensive mining interests. His mother was a housewife. He was educated at King Edward VI Grammar School, Stourbridge. In his teens he built crystal sets, read Wireless World, and eventually gained a radio amateurs license -- a background which proved useful when it came to building electronic computers two decades later. He entered St Johns College, Cambridge University, in 1931, where he read mathematics.

In October 1935 he became a research student at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, working on the propagation of long radio waves. The following spring, he attended a lecture by Douglas Hartree, a computing expert and professor of mathematical physics at Manchester University. Hartree described the “differential analyzer” invented by Vannevar Bush at MIT. This was an analog computing machine for the integration of differential equations. Hartree had built a model differential analyzer from Meccano (a British constructor toy similar to the American Erector Set), which proved surprisingly useful. A copy of this machine was built at Cambridge under the direction of John Lennard-Jones, professor of theoretical chemistry, and Wilkes became an enthusiastic user. In early 1937, the University set up a Computing Laboratory under the direction of Lennard-Jones, and Wilkes was appointed assistant director from October 1937.

On the outbreak of war, the Computing Laboratory was taken over by the military. Wilkes joined the scientific war effort and worked on radar and operations research. This gave him an ideal background, and a network of contacts, for building computers after the war.

In October 1945, Wilkes returned to Cambridge to take full charge of what was now called the Mathematical Laboratory. In May 1946, he was visited by L. J. Comrie, a pioneer in mechanical computation, who brought with him a copy of the First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC written by John von Neumann, summarizing the deliberations of the computer group at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania. The Moore School had just completed the ENIAC, the world's first electronic computer for defense calculations, and the EDVAC was the design for a follow up machine. Wilkes had never seen the report before and stayed up late into the night reading it. He recognized it at once as “the real thing” and decided that the laboratory had to have one.

Later in 1946, Wilkes was invited to attend a summer school in computer design organized by the Moore School. Because of difficulties getting a transatlantic passage, he did not arrive on the course until mid-August, by which time he had missed more than half. Rarely short on confidence, Wilkes decided he had not missed much of consequence. Sailing home on the Queen Mary he began the design of a machine he called the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator -- EDSAC for short, an acronym consciously chosen as a tribute to the EDVAC.

Work started on building the EDSAC in early 1947. Almost everything had to be done from first principles—memory technology, electronic arithmetic and logic, and control circuits. Cambridge University was at the center of UK computing at this time, in part because of the fortnightly colloquia Wilkes established, which were attended by members of almost every computer project in the country.

The EDSAC sprang into life on 6 May 1949, the world's first practical stored program electronic computer. Manchester University had got there first in June 1948 with an experimental machine, but the EDSAC was the first capable of running realistic programs. By the beginning of 1950 the Laboratory was offering a regular computing service.

Wilkes decided that the Laboratory would specialize in programming rather than building computers. He was perhaps the first person to recognize that what we now call software (a term not used until about 1960) would prove to be a worthwhile academic pursuit. He assigned the design of the EDSAC programming system to a research student David Wheeler (later a professor of computer science at Cambridge). The system that Wheeler created was a tour de force that was admired worldwide. In 1951 Wilkes got the techniques published as the first textbook on programming The Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer, although the book was usually known for its three authors as “Wilkes, Wheeler and Gill” or WWG for short [1]. The third author, Stanley Gill, was another young researcher who later became a major figure in British computing until his untimely death in 1975.

EDSAC was soon loaded to capacity, and plans were laid for a successor, EDSAC 2. Wilkes came up with a new design principle -- which he called microprogramming—that greatly simplified the logical design of the new computer. Microprogramming was Wilkes’ most important scientific contribution to computing, and had he done nothing else he would be famous for that [2]. In the early 1960s IBM based its world beating System/360 computers around the idea, and it remains a cornerstone of computer architecture.

Wilkes was appointed Professor of Computer Technology at Cambridge in 1965. He remained director of the Computer Laboratory (the name was changed from the Mathematical Laboratory in 1970) until he reached the statutory retirement age of 67 in 1980. His tenure had seen computers evolve from scientific instruments to information processing machines that were the basis of a worldwide industry. The Laboratory kept up with changing trends, primarily in computer engineering, developing time-sharing systems in the 1960s and computer networking in the 1970s. Wilkes was very good at keeping up with technology trends, and preventing either himself or the Laboratory getting locked into dying research fashions.

Cambridge’s prominence and Wilkes' confident manner led to a constant stream of invitations to give lectures and to participate on international committees. He played an influential role in promoting computing in Britain, being elected to the Royal Society in 1956, becoming inaugural president of the British Computer Society in 1957, and serving as the British representative for the International Federation of Information Processing Societies.

Wilkes received many awards and academic honors. In addition to the ACM Turing Award in 1967, he received the Harry H. Goode Memorial Award of the IEEE in 1968, the McDowell Award of the IEEE Computer Society in 1981, and the Faraday Medal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers also in 1981. In 1992 he was the first recipient of the Kyoto Prize. He received honorary doctorates from several universities, including his alma mater Cambridge University. He was knighted in 2000.

Following his retirement from Cambridge University in 1980, he took up a position as a consulting engineer with the Digital Equipment Corporation in Maynard, Massachusetts. In 1986 he returned to Cambridge, where he became a board member of Olivetti-AT&T Research Laboratories. As an emeritus professor, he maintained a close association with the Computer Laboratory until the last months of this life. Wilkes was deeply interested in the history of his subject. He made a study of Charles Babbage, and wrote a number of important articles on the computer pioneer and his milieu [4].

Wilkes died in Cambridge, 29 November 2010. He married Nina Tyman in 1948, who predeceased him. They had one son and two daughters.

Author: Martin Campbell-Kelly




莫里斯-V-威尔克斯

照片
出生地：英国
1913年6月26日，英国，达德利

逝世
2010年11月29日，剑桥，英国

学历
英国斯托尔布里奇爱德华六世国王文法学校；英国剑桥大学圣约翰学院学士（1934年-数学）、硕士（1936年）、博士（1937年-物理学）；荣誉学位。泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔、赫尔、肯特、伦敦市、巴斯、阿姆斯特丹、慕尼黑、林雪平、剑桥大学和宾夕法尼亚大学。

工作经验。
1945-1980年，剑桥大学计算机实验室主任；1965-80年，计算机技术教授；1950-2010年，剑桥大学圣约翰学院研究员。

荣誉和奖项。
1956年，英国皇家学会会员；1957-60年，英国计算机学会第一任主席，1973年，杰出会员；1974年，美国艺术与科学学院外国荣誉会员；1976年，伦敦皇家工程学院会员；美国国家工程院外国院士。1977年；西班牙皇家科学院外国通讯院士，1979年；美国国家科学院外国院士，1980年；西班牙工程院外国通讯院士，1999年；科学仪器制造者协会荣誉会员，2000年；计算机械协会图灵讲师，1967年；美国信息处理协会联合会哈利-古德纪念奖，1968年。Eckert-Mauchly奖，计算机械协会和IEEE计算机协会，1980年；IEEE计算机协会先锋奖（宪章获得者），1980年；McDowell奖，IEEE计算机协会，1981年；法拉第奖，IEE，伦敦，1981年。1982年，宾夕法尼亚大学彭德奖；1988年，东京C&C奖；1991年，都灵ITALGAS计算机科学奖；1992年，日本京都奖；1994年，计算机协会研究员；1997年，IEEE冯诺依曼奖；1997年，国家电子委员会蒙巴顿奖（与T. Kilburn），国家电子委员会，伦敦，1997年；骑士勋章，2000年；计算机历史博物馆研究员，2001年。

毛里斯-维克斯（MAURICE V. WILKES DL作者简介链接
联合王国 - 1967年
参考文献
威尔克斯教授最出名的是EDSAC的建造者和设计者，这是第一台具有内部存储程序的计算机。EDSAC建于1949年，使用水银延迟线存储器。他还因与惠勒和吉尔一起在1951年编写了《电子数字计算机程序的准备》一书而闻名，在该书中，程序库被有效地引入。

简短注释
书目
亚马逊图灵奖
讲座
研究
主题
额外的
材料
莫里斯-文森特-威尔克斯1913年6月26日出生在英国中部斯塔福德郡的杜德利。他的父亲是杜德利伯爵庄园的财务官员，该庄园有广泛的采矿利益。他的母亲是一名家庭主妇。他在斯托尔布里奇的爱德华六世国王文法学校接受教育。在他十几岁的时候，他建造了水晶机，阅读了《无线世界》，并最终获得了无线电爱好者执照--这一背景在20年后建造电子计算机时证明是有用的。1931年，他进入剑桥大学圣约翰学院，在那里他学习数学。

1935年10月，他成为剑桥大学卡文迪许实验室的一名研究学生，研究长无线电波的传播。第二年春天，他参加了计算专家、曼彻斯特大学数学物理学教授道格拉斯-哈特里的讲座。哈特里介绍了范尼瓦尔-布什在麻省理工学院发明的 "微分分析器"。这是一台用于微分方程积分的模拟计算机。哈特里用Meccano（一种类似于美国Erector Set的英国建筑玩具）建造了一个微分分析器模型，事实证明它出奇地有用。在理论化学教授John Lennard-Jones的指导下，剑桥大学建造了这台机器的副本，Wilkes成为一个热情的使用者。1937年初，大学在伦纳德-琼斯的指导下成立了一个计算实验室，威尔克斯从1937年10月起被任命为助理主任。

战争爆发后，计算实验室被军方接管了。威尔克斯加入了科学战争的努力，并从事雷达和操作研究。这给了他一个理想的背景和联系网络，以便在战后建造计算机。

1945年10月，威尔克斯回到剑桥，全面负责现在称为数学实验室的工作。1946年5月，机械计算的先驱L.J. Comrie拜访了他，他带来了John von Neumann写的关于EDVAC的报告初稿，总结了宾夕法尼亚大学摩尔电气工程学院的计算机小组的讨论情况。摩尔学院刚刚完成了ENIAC，世界上第一台用于国防计算的电子计算机，而EDVAC是后续机器的设计。威尔克斯以前从未见过这份报告，并熬夜阅读。他一眼就认出这是 "真正的东西"，并决定实验室必须要有一台。

1946年晚些时候，威尔克斯被邀请参加由摩尔学校组织的计算机设计暑期班。由于难以获得横渡大西洋的机票，他直到8月中旬才到达培训班，那时他已经错过了一半以上的课程。威尔克斯很少缺乏信心，他认为自己没有错过什么重要的东西。他乘坐玛丽皇后号回家，开始设计一台机器，他称之为电子延时存储自动计算器--简称EDSAC，这是一个有意识地选择的缩写，是对EDVAC的致敬。

1947年初开始建造EDSAC的工作。几乎所有的事情都必须从第一原理出发--记忆技术、电子算术和逻辑以及控制电路。剑桥大学此时处于英国计算机的中心，部分原因是威尔克斯建立的每两周一次的座谈会，全国几乎所有计算机项目的成员都参加了。

EDSAC于1949年5月6日诞生，这是世界上第一台实用的存储程序电子计算机。曼彻斯特大学于1948年6月首先使用了一台实验机，但EDSAC是第一台能够运行现实程序的计算机。到1950年初，实验室开始提供常规计算服务。

威尔克斯决定，实验室将专注于编程而不是制造计算机。他也许是第一个认识到我们现在所称的软件（这个词直到1960年左右才被使用）将被证明是一种值得追求的学术成果的人。他把EDSAC编程系统的设计交给了一个研究学生大卫-惠勒（后来成为剑桥大学的计算机科学教授）。惠勒创建的系统是一个被全世界所钦佩的巡回演出。1951年，威尔克斯将这些技术作为第一本关于编程的教科书《电子数字计算机程序的准备》出版，尽管这本书的三位作者通常被称为 "威尔克斯、惠勒和吉尔 "或简称为WWG[1] 。第三位作者Stanley Gill是另一位年轻的研究者，后来成为英国计算机界的主要人物，直到他在1975年英年早逝。

EDSAC很快就满载而归，并为后续的EDSAC 2制定了计划。威尔克斯提出了一个新的设计原则--他称之为微程序设计--大大简化了新计算机的逻辑设计。微程序设计是威尔克斯对计算的最重要的科学贡献，如果他没有做其他事情，他将因此而闻名[2]。在20世纪60年代初，IBM公司围绕这一思想推出了震惊世界的System/360计算机，它仍然是计算机架构的基石。

1965年，威尔克斯被任命为剑桥大学的计算机技术教授。他一直担任计算机实验室（1970年从数学实验室更名）主任，直到1980年达到67岁的法定退休年龄。在他的任期内，计算机从科学仪器发展到信息处理机器，成为全球工业的基础。实验室跟上了变化的趋势，主要是在计算机工程方面，在60年代开发了时间共享系统，在70年代开发了计算机网络。威尔克斯非常善于跟上技术潮流，并防止他自己或实验室被锁定在即将消失的研究时尚中。

剑桥大学的显赫地位和威尔克斯的自信态度使他不断地被邀请去做讲座和参加国际委员会。他在促进英国的计算方面发挥了有影响力的作用，1956年当选为英国皇家学会会员，1957年成为英国计算机学会的首任主席，并担任国际信息处理协会联合会的英国代表。

威尔克斯获得了许多奖项和学术荣誉。除了1967年的ACM图灵奖之外，他还在1968年获得了IEEE的哈里-H-古德纪念奖，1981年获得了IEEE计算机协会的麦克道尔奖，并在1981年获得了电气工程师协会的法拉第奖。1992年，他是第一个京都奖的获得者。他获得了几所大学的荣誉博士学位，包括他的母校剑桥大学。2000年，他被授予骑士称号。

1980年从剑桥大学退休后，他在马萨诸塞州梅纳德市的数字设备公司担任咨询工程师一职。1986年，他回到剑桥，成为Olivetti-AT&T研究实验室的董事会成员。作为一名名誉教授，他与计算机实验室保持着密切的联系，直到此生的最后几个月。威尔克斯对其学科的历史深感兴趣。他对查尔斯-巴贝奇进行了研究，并写了许多关于这位计算机先驱及其环境的重要文章[4]。

威尔克斯于2010年11月29日在剑桥去世。他于1948年与尼娜-泰曼结婚，后者先于他去世。他们有一个儿子和两个女儿。

作者：。马丁-坎贝尔-凯利